Soil-borne diseases are diseases in which harmful fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses in the soil remain in the soil and are multiplied and infested from roots or stems when conditions are appropriate. Among the vegetable cultivation, the most serious is the root disease caused by harmful fungi. At the peak of vegetable planting, it is also a stage of multiple root disease. Among them, the most common root disease is pepper vegetables. Many vegetable farmers who grow pepper and sweet pepper will have a large number of dead trees after entering the seedling stage, including root rot and stem-based rot. At this stage, vegetable farmers often use the medicine to irrigate the roots, and constantly replace the new seedlings. Some root diseases are serious, and even the whole sheds will be replaced with new seedlings.
1. Four major issues highlight the prevalence of soil-borne diseases
For tomatoes and melons, the soil-borne nematodes have become more and more serious with years of planting. The reporter once saw in a loofah planted for more than ten years. Due to the large number of infestation and reproduction of nematodes, the roots of loofah are as thick as sweet potatoes, causing growth and development of stems and melons on the ground.
Not only that, due to years of planting, some diseases on the leaves, stems and fruits have been reproduced year after year, and accumulated in the soil, which will still have a serious impact on the plants in the middle and late stages of vegetable growth.
In fact, it is normal to have harmful bacteria in the soil. However, due to the single planting mode and improper use of fertilizers, the pandemic of harmful bacteria in the soil is eventually caused, which makes the soil-borne diseases more and more serious. Let's talk about the key factors that cause the spread of soil-borne diseases.
First, the single planting mode
Due to the cultivation of a type of crops in successive years, some of the corresponding germs have been able to multiply for years, accumulating in the soil and forming diseased soils, which have become the root cause of annual disease. Especially in the continuous operation of the shed, the special environment in the greenhouse is conducive to the wintering of the bacteria, and the bacteria are accumulated year by year, and the number is increasing. Continuous cropping of vegetable and vegetable, blight and blight will occur seriously; continuous cropping of watermelon leads to high incidence of blight; ginger continuous crop can cause severe ginger and so on.
Second, the soil is not disinfected
Nowadays, many vegetable farmers use the medicine to sterilize and protect the roots of the seedlings when they are planted, and remove the unhealthy seedlings. They think that they can prevent the disease and root rot. However, after planting, it will be found that there will still be a large number of dead roots.
Why is this? Because the disinfection of the soil is neglected. The reason why it is called soil-borne diseases is because these harmful bacteria are not only spread through the soil, but also the soil is the base camp for the spread of harmful bacteria. Only the seedlings are treated without paying attention to the disinfection of the soil, which is undoubtedly a temporary solution.
Third, improper management of fertilizer and water
Improper management of fertilizer and water causes root injury and can also cause the spread of soil-borne diseases. The reporter found in the greenhouse of Master Chen of Gaoliu Town, Qingzhou City, Shandong Province, that the eggplant in his shed had a large dead tree phenomenon. Pulling out the leaves with wilting plants, it can be found that there are very few capillary roots in the roots, only a few capillary roots are found in the roots near the ground, and other capillary roots and main roots have decayed. After careful understanding, the original Master Chen suddenly increased the amount of watering and fertilization in order to promote the rapid growth of the solanaceous fruit. Because the watering is too diligent, the roots of the plants are in an oxygen-deficient state for a long time, causing the roots of the roots. A large number of wounds or a declining growth in the roots create conditions for the invasion of germs, leading to serious root diseases.
Fourth, improper use of medicines
The soil contains a large number of harmful bacteria, and different pathogenic bacteria cause different diseases in the roots of vegetables. It needs to be judged correctly to be effective, otherwise it will be difficult to recover once you miss the best prevention period. For example: Master Li, who planted peppers in Baocheng Street, Changle County, Shandong Province, had a serious problem with the dead peppers in his shed. He used a variety of medicinal herbs to prevent root rot and blight. Master Li described that the roots of the pepper did not show yellowing of the root tip and the exfoliation of the capillaries, but only the base of the main root appeared slightly brown. After the stems of the plants are opened, the vascular bundles are browned and there is no pus. First, local branches of the ground appeared wilting, and later spread to the whole plant, resulting in death. From the description of Master Li, the root tips of the capillary roots of the plants did not brown, indicating that it was not blight, and the capillary roots did not appear yellow and easy to fall off, which also indicated that it was not root rot. Therefore, it can be judged that Master Li's pepper should be a bacterial wilt. Master Li is the first to follow the control of blight. When it is found that there is no control effect, it is also controlled according to the bacterial wilt disease, thus missing the best prevention period. When the vegetable disease is anointed, the prevention is of little effect.
2. Suppress soil-borne diseases and do four major measures
In the case that the current planting mode has been relatively fixed, how to prevent the occurrence of soil-borne diseases? The reporter recommends the following measures:
First: soil disinfection
Planting vegetables for years has led to an increase in the accumulation of pathogens in greenhouses. In order to reduce pathogenic bacteria in the soil, it is necessary to use the drug in time for soil disinfection. High temperature shacks in summer are the best way to contain soil-borne diseases. By treating the soil with chemicals, the harmful bacteria in the soil are minimized, and the probability of soil-borne diseases is fundamentally reduced.
The vegetable grower can choose the method of dry stuffing, dampness and chemical treatment to disinfect the soil. Commonly used soil disinfectants include methyl bromide, lime nitrogen, and cotton. The method of using lime nitrogen is to first sprinkle the manure into the shed, and then use the rotary tiller to spread the lime nitrogen evenly on the shed, and then use a rotary tiller to evenly cover the mulch and peel off the film after 20-25 days. The application method of cotton kelp is that the soil is applied with a base fertilizer and then deep-turned (about 30 cm) to level, watered for 3-4 days, and when the soil moisture is 40%-60%, it is rotated by a rotary tiller. Then spread the cotton lumps evenly on the surface, 20-30 kg per acre, and cover it with plastic cloth immediately after application.
Second: timely supplement of beneficial bacteria
This is especially important for new greenhouses and greenhouses where drugs are used, because the soil in the greenhouse after disinfection is almost aseptic, and it is easy to cause harmful bacteria to invade and flood. After using the biological bacterial fertilizer, the beneficial bacteria are used to occupy the soil, thereby compressing the invasion space of the pathogenic bacteria and inhibiting the development of soil-borne diseases. Such as antibacterial 968, ETS bacteria and so on. However, it should be noted that after using the biological bacterial fertilizer, it is no longer possible to use the pesticides such as DT to sterilize the roots in two weeks to prevent the killing of the beneficial bacteria, resulting in a decrease in the control effect.
Again: using chemical control
When the vegetables are planted, the solution can be prepared by using a mixture of Plex and carbendazim mixed with streptomycin, and the root can be removed as long as the liquid is not applied to the base of the stem. In the process of growth, it is also necessary to strengthen the understanding of the disease and to achieve symptomatic application. For bacterial wilt, roots can be used for killing, agricultural streptavidin, lycopene copper or DT. When the root xylem is browned, the pathogen spreads through the vascular bundle as the disease progresses. This phenomenon is mostly caused by blight. The vegetable farmer can use carbendazim plus thiram to prevent it. After the onset, 50% chlorobromo isocyanuric acid 1000 times solution, 3% carbaryl frosting agent 800 times solution or 3.2% carbamide solution 600 times can be used. Liquid irrigation root control. Pythium root rot is characterized by epidermal rot and easy to strip; Phytophthora root rot is not only harmful to roots and roots, but also to roots. It is initially water-soaked, and the posterior epidermis becomes brown and rot, commonly known as "black stalks". For these two diseases, we can apply 600 times of Jin Lei and 1000 times of double birth for prevention. It can also be used for 3% of 3% mildew cream water 800 times solution and 70% manganese zinc aluminum aluminum 500 times solution. Root control.
Finally: avoid the roots of fat and water
When watering, it should not be over-watered too much, and it should not be over-controlled. It should be watered, watered, avoiding excessive soil moisture, poor air permeability, roots and lack of oxygen and suffocation, causing rotten roots and roots. If you can use micro-irrigation, drip irrigation and other measures to water the best. In terms of fertilization, both the base fertilizer and the top dressing should be balanced and fertilized according to the current situation of the soil and the fertilizer requirements of the crops. Avoid burning roots due to insufficient fertilization or excessive fermentation of organic fertilizers such as chicken manure, resulting in a large number of wounds in the root system, thus burying hidden dangers for the invasion of pathogens, resulting in serious dead trees.
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