Due to its sweet and refreshing taste, rich nutrition, large yield, and good storage and transportation, watermelon has been planted in large areas in all parts of the country. Regardless of the cultivated area or total output, China ranks first in the world. For melon farmers, how to improve the quality of watermelons, to get consumers' love, to increase production and income, is their pursuit. The key to this is the scientific fertilization management of watermelon.
The general principle of watermelon fertilization is to re-apply organic fertilizer, apply appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer, stabilize the application of phosphate fertilizer, increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and apply the three elements of NPK, and apply the appropriate amount of medium and trace element fertilizer.
The amount of fertilizer applied is determined by the target yield. For example, under medium fertility conditions in North China, when the target yield is 2500~3500 kg/mu, nitrogen (N) 20~30 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 8~12 kg, and potassium (K2O) are required. ) 30~40 kg.
Fertilization should refer to the law of fertilizer requirement in each growth period of watermelon. As a kind of fertilizer, warmth and water-tolerant crops, watermelon has a preference for potassium and boron, and the demand for NPK is roughly 3:1:4.
In general, the nutrient absorption of watermelon is less in the early stage, more in the middle stage, and less in the later stage. The total amount of NPK absorbed in the seedling stage accounted for 0.18%~0.25% of the whole growth period; the stem and leaf of the vine growing period grew rapidly, and the absorption of NPK increased, and the absorption accounted for 20% of the whole growth period. ~30%; after sitting on the melon, the absorption of NPK reaches the highest peak of the whole growth period, accounting for 65%~75% of the whole growth period; the total nutrient absorption during the mature period accounts for 5% of the whole growth period. ~10%.
Watermelon absorbs most potassium during the whole growth period, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen was mainly used before sitting on the melon, and the absorption of potassium increased sharply after sitting on the melon; the absorption of nitrogen and potassium in the mature stage was significantly reduced, and the absorption of phosphorus was relatively increased; the amount of nitrogen and potassium absorbed in the retreat stage was basically equal. The absorption ratios of NPK in different growth stages of watermelon were about 3.8:1:2.8, the vines were 3.6:1:1.7, and the growth period was 3.5:1:4.6.
Therefore, sufficient nitrogen fertilizer is needed in the early stage of fertility to ensure and promote vegetative growth. In the seedling stage, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer; in the middle stage should pay attention to the appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer; after entering the expansion period, the application of potassium fertilizer is mainly to promote the improvement of fruit yield and quality. The critical period of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of watermelon is in the seedling stage, the critical period of potassium nutrition is in the period of vine, and the maximum efficiency of nutrition of watermelon is in the period of fruiting.
In addition, there are problems such as excessive nitrogen fertilizer and excessive phosphorus fertilizer, low potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer, and lack of trace elements in the current watermelon cultivation process.
base fertilizer
Base fertilizer is the basis of the nutrient supply of watermelon for a lifetime. It not only supplies the nutrients needed for growth, but also has the effect of improving soil and improving soil fertility. It accounts for 1/2~2/3 of the fertilizer used in the whole growth period.
One is organic fertilizer. Generally, fully decomposed chicken manure or cow dung and other organic fertilizers 1~2 square meters/mu or commercial organic fertilizer 200~400 kg/mu, and decomposed cake fertilizer 80~100 kg/mu (cake fertilizer is the best for bean cake).
The second is fertilizer. Apply compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 25~35 kg/mu or other proportion of compound fertilizer and diammonium phosphate 6~15 kg/mu.
top dressing
Principle: Lightly apply seedling fertilizer, skillfully apply vine fertilizer, and reapply the fertilizer.
Seedling stage
The period is 2 to 4 tablets of true leaves.
The effect of watermelon on the seedling stage application of a small amount of quick-acting fertilizer can accelerate the growth of seedlings.
The first method is to open the arc-shaped ditch at a distance of 15 cm from the seedling; the second is to apply a hole in the hole 10 cm from the seedling, and then spread the fertilizer into the hole, then seal the ground and then water the water, each planting water 2 ~ 3 kg.
Fertilizer selection is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and generally 8 to 15 kg of urea is applied per mu.
2.
During the period, 5 to 6 leaves of watermelon enter the vine period (when the vine is about 15 cm long).
After the effect of watermelon extension, the growth rate is accelerated, and the nutrient requirement is increased. At this time, the fertilizer can promote the rapid elongation of the melon and enlarge the leaf area.
Methods In the middle of the two seedlings of watermelon, a topdressing ditch with a depth of 10 cm, a width of 10 cm and a length of 40 cm was opened. The fertilizer fertilizer ditch can be smaller, 5 to 6 cm deep, 7 to 8 cm wide, and 30 cm long. After fertilization, water should be poured once to promote the absorption of fertilizer. The cake fertilizer should be poured once more water.
The fertilizer is selected by combining organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer. 40 to 100 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer or 100 to 150 kg of biogas fertilizer per mu. Add 15 to 20 kg of urea and 15 to 20 kg of potassium sulfate. The amount of topdressing for seedling transplanting can be more appropriate, and the application of ammonium sulfate or urea is 20-25 kg.
3. Flowering sitting period
Generally do not topdress or water. However, when the plant is found to be poorly grown, the ovary is small, and it is not easy to take fruit, measures should be taken as soon as possible. When entering the female flower, we must observe the growth of the plant. When it is necessary to topdress, the method of foliar topdressing can be used to remedy. Formulated with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution for foliar spray application, sprayed once every 5 days, mastered spraying in the evening, the best effect, and strictly prevent spraying around noon. Spray 2 to 3 times of fertilizer, and find that when the growth is very weak, you can also catch a fertilizer when you are flowering, and water once. The fertilizer is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, the amount is small, and the urea can be applied about 5 to 6 kg per mu.
4. Expanded melon
During the period, when the female flower in the normal part of the melon is sitting on the melon, the young melon grows to the size of the egg, and then enters the expanded melon period.
The role is to promote the expansion of the melon body and prevent premature aging.
The method ditched from the side of the plant 30-40 cm from the root, and was combined with fertilization for watering.
The fertilizer is mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, combined with nitrogen fertilizer. If the nitrogen fertilizer is applied excessively, the quality will decrease. The expanded melon fertilizer is generally applied twice. The first time was when the young melon grew to the size of the egg, this period was dominated by nitrogen and potassium. 15 to 20 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10 to 15 kg of potassium sulfate per acre. The second time is when the melon grows to the size of the bowl. 5 to 7 kg of urea per acre, 5 to 10 kg of potassium sulfate, can be watered immediately after water application or application.
Skillful application of foliar fertilizer and fertilization
Spraying 0.1%~0.2% borax solution twice before the flowering of the watermelon and starting to expand, can effectively prevent the rind from being too thick and hollow, and has obvious effects of increasing yield, promoting skin thinning and improving meat sweetness.
After the application of the fertilizer, it is generally no longer topdressed before harvesting to prevent the maturity period from being postponed. If there is a lack of fertilizer (such as melon vine with premature aging phenomenon), foliar spray can be used with 0.2% to 0.3% urea and 0.2% to 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate. After the watermelon is sealed, the water soluble fertilizer containing humic acid and amino acid can be applied to enhance the root activity and increase the yield and quality.
Farmers Daily
The general principle of watermelon fertilization is to re-apply organic fertilizer, apply appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer, stabilize the application of phosphate fertilizer, increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and apply the three elements of NPK, and apply the appropriate amount of medium and trace element fertilizer.
The amount of fertilizer applied is determined by the target yield. For example, under medium fertility conditions in North China, when the target yield is 2500~3500 kg/mu, nitrogen (N) 20~30 kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 8~12 kg, and potassium (K2O) are required. ) 30~40 kg.
Fertilization should refer to the law of fertilizer requirement in each growth period of watermelon. As a kind of fertilizer, warmth and water-tolerant crops, watermelon has a preference for potassium and boron, and the demand for NPK is roughly 3:1:4.
In general, the nutrient absorption of watermelon is less in the early stage, more in the middle stage, and less in the later stage. The total amount of NPK absorbed in the seedling stage accounted for 0.18%~0.25% of the whole growth period; the stem and leaf of the vine growing period grew rapidly, and the absorption of NPK increased, and the absorption accounted for 20% of the whole growth period. ~30%; after sitting on the melon, the absorption of NPK reaches the highest peak of the whole growth period, accounting for 65%~75% of the whole growth period; the total nutrient absorption during the mature period accounts for 5% of the whole growth period. ~10%.
Watermelon absorbs most potassium during the whole growth period, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen was mainly used before sitting on the melon, and the absorption of potassium increased sharply after sitting on the melon; the absorption of nitrogen and potassium in the mature stage was significantly reduced, and the absorption of phosphorus was relatively increased; the amount of nitrogen and potassium absorbed in the retreat stage was basically equal. The absorption ratios of NPK in different growth stages of watermelon were about 3.8:1:2.8, the vines were 3.6:1:1.7, and the growth period was 3.5:1:4.6.
Therefore, sufficient nitrogen fertilizer is needed in the early stage of fertility to ensure and promote vegetative growth. In the seedling stage, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer; in the middle stage should pay attention to the appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer; after entering the expansion period, the application of potassium fertilizer is mainly to promote the improvement of fruit yield and quality. The critical period of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of watermelon is in the seedling stage, the critical period of potassium nutrition is in the period of vine, and the maximum efficiency of nutrition of watermelon is in the period of fruiting.
In addition, there are problems such as excessive nitrogen fertilizer and excessive phosphorus fertilizer, low potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer, and lack of trace elements in the current watermelon cultivation process.
base fertilizer
Base fertilizer is the basis of the nutrient supply of watermelon for a lifetime. It not only supplies the nutrients needed for growth, but also has the effect of improving soil and improving soil fertility. It accounts for 1/2~2/3 of the fertilizer used in the whole growth period.
One is organic fertilizer. Generally, fully decomposed chicken manure or cow dung and other organic fertilizers 1~2 square meters/mu or commercial organic fertilizer 200~400 kg/mu, and decomposed cake fertilizer 80~100 kg/mu (cake fertilizer is the best for bean cake).
The second is fertilizer. Apply compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 25~35 kg/mu or other proportion of compound fertilizer and diammonium phosphate 6~15 kg/mu.
top dressing
Principle: Lightly apply seedling fertilizer, skillfully apply vine fertilizer, and reapply the fertilizer.
Seedling stage
The period is 2 to 4 tablets of true leaves.
The effect of watermelon on the seedling stage application of a small amount of quick-acting fertilizer can accelerate the growth of seedlings.
The first method is to open the arc-shaped ditch at a distance of 15 cm from the seedling; the second is to apply a hole in the hole 10 cm from the seedling, and then spread the fertilizer into the hole, then seal the ground and then water the water, each planting water 2 ~ 3 kg.
Fertilizer selection is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and generally 8 to 15 kg of urea is applied per mu.
2.
During the period, 5 to 6 leaves of watermelon enter the vine period (when the vine is about 15 cm long).
After the effect of watermelon extension, the growth rate is accelerated, and the nutrient requirement is increased. At this time, the fertilizer can promote the rapid elongation of the melon and enlarge the leaf area.
Methods In the middle of the two seedlings of watermelon, a topdressing ditch with a depth of 10 cm, a width of 10 cm and a length of 40 cm was opened. The fertilizer fertilizer ditch can be smaller, 5 to 6 cm deep, 7 to 8 cm wide, and 30 cm long. After fertilization, water should be poured once to promote the absorption of fertilizer. The cake fertilizer should be poured once more water.
The fertilizer is selected by combining organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer. 40 to 100 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer or 100 to 150 kg of biogas fertilizer per mu. Add 15 to 20 kg of urea and 15 to 20 kg of potassium sulfate. The amount of topdressing for seedling transplanting can be more appropriate, and the application of ammonium sulfate or urea is 20-25 kg.
3. Flowering sitting period
Generally do not topdress or water. However, when the plant is found to be poorly grown, the ovary is small, and it is not easy to take fruit, measures should be taken as soon as possible. When entering the female flower, we must observe the growth of the plant. When it is necessary to topdress, the method of foliar topdressing can be used to remedy. Formulated with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution for foliar spray application, sprayed once every 5 days, mastered spraying in the evening, the best effect, and strictly prevent spraying around noon. Spray 2 to 3 times of fertilizer, and find that when the growth is very weak, you can also catch a fertilizer when you are flowering, and water once. The fertilizer is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, the amount is small, and the urea can be applied about 5 to 6 kg per mu.
4. Expanded melon
During the period, when the female flower in the normal part of the melon is sitting on the melon, the young melon grows to the size of the egg, and then enters the expanded melon period.
The role is to promote the expansion of the melon body and prevent premature aging.
The method ditched from the side of the plant 30-40 cm from the root, and was combined with fertilization for watering.
The fertilizer is mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, combined with nitrogen fertilizer. If the nitrogen fertilizer is applied excessively, the quality will decrease. The expanded melon fertilizer is generally applied twice. The first time was when the young melon grew to the size of the egg, this period was dominated by nitrogen and potassium. 15 to 20 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10 to 15 kg of potassium sulfate per acre. The second time is when the melon grows to the size of the bowl. 5 to 7 kg of urea per acre, 5 to 10 kg of potassium sulfate, can be watered immediately after water application or application.
Skillful application of foliar fertilizer and fertilization
Spraying 0.1%~0.2% borax solution twice before the flowering of the watermelon and starting to expand, can effectively prevent the rind from being too thick and hollow, and has obvious effects of increasing yield, promoting skin thinning and improving meat sweetness.
After the application of the fertilizer, it is generally no longer topdressed before harvesting to prevent the maturity period from being postponed. If there is a lack of fertilizer (such as melon vine with premature aging phenomenon), foliar spray can be used with 0.2% to 0.3% urea and 0.2% to 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate. After the watermelon is sealed, the water soluble fertilizer containing humic acid and amino acid can be applied to enhance the root activity and increase the yield and quality.
Farmers Daily
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