There are many diseases and insect pests in cucumbers, especially in protected areas. The most suitable environmental conditions for cucumber growth and development are also suitable for a variety of pests and diseases. This has become the main limiting factor for the development of cucumber cultivation, with large doses and more labor. The light pesticide cost of cucumber in an acre area is 800-1000 yuan, the economic benefit is reduced, and the pesticide residue exceeds the standard, which is harmful to human life. After China's accession to the WTO, China's agricultural production must be in line with international standards, otherwise the products cannot be exported, and the supermarkets cannot enter the supermarket. This requires us to develop pollution-free green foods. In the prevention and control of cucumber pests and diseases, we should try our best to avoid pesticides, use less pesticides, and use high-efficiency, low-toxic and low-residue pesticides. The general principle is to implement the plant protection work policy of “prevention first, comprehensive prevention†and adhere to the comprehensive prevention and control technology based on “agricultural prevention and control, giving priority to biological control, physical control, and scientific use of chemical preventionâ€.
Agricultural control
Use reasonable agricultural technical measures to lay a good foundation for pollution-free cultivation, such as selection of resistant varieties of pests and diseases, seed soaking and disinfection, cultivation of disease-free and strong seedlings, cleaning of pastures to reduce the source of disease, implementation of rotation, replacement of diseased soil, and rational management of fertilizer and water. In time, plant adjustment and adoption of agricultural technical measures such as grafting and seedling prevention to prevent the occurrence and spread of diseases.
2. Biological control
Biological control is the use of natural enemies of pests and diseases, biological fertilizers, biological bactericidal and biological insecticides to achieve the purpose of controlling pests and diseases, such as the use of parasitic natural enemies, the larvae to control the whitefly of the shed, and the use of the seven-spotted ladybug and the grass sorghum Aphids, spider mites, red spiders and whitefly. Biologics can dry up the growth and metabolism of pests, although the effect is slower, but it is safe for crops, people and animals. Using avermectin bio-pesticides to control mites, Liriomyza sativae, and root-knot nematodes; spraying agricultural streptomycin to control bacterial diseases; using agricultural anti-120 and poly-antimycin to control powdery mildew downy mildew, using 2% Wuyimycin is effective and pollution-free control method for controlling gray mold and powdery mildew.
3. Ecological control
Practice has proved that low temperature and high humidity are the main ecological conditions for the occurrence of fungal diseases such as cucumber powdery mildew, downy mildew and gray mold. In the condition of water film in leaves, the temperature is 15-20 °C, and the relative humidity of air is above 85%. It is the ecological environment condition in which the above diseases spread, so it is necessary to artificially adjust the temperature and humidity in the management of the greenhouse to reduce the occurrence of diseases. The practice is to release the wind for 0.5-1 hour according to the temperature of the outdoor temperature and the temperature and humidity in the shed, and then close the shed to raise the temperature to 28-30 °C, which can inhibit the occurrence of disease and facilitate the photosynthesis of cucumber. In the afternoon, the temperature is adjusted to about 22 °C before the release, and the humidity is above 70%. Although the humidity rises at night, the temperature is lowered to 10-13 °C, which also limits the germination of the spores. According to the characteristics of most fungi, the 500-fold baking soda can be sprayed on the leaves when the disease has just occurred. It can be sprayed 5-6 times in three days, which has special effects on powdery mildew.
High temperature suffocating shed is also one of the effective methods to prevent downy mildew. The method is: after the end of March, choose the sunny day, first water the water first, increase the air humidity, to prevent the burning of the hoe, in the hoe area Hang 2-3 thermometers, then seal the shed, so that the temperature rises rapidly, observe the temperature every 10 minutes, so that when the temperature of the shed reaches 45-46 °C, keep it for two hours, you can kill the downy mildew in the shed. dead. Then open the skylight and slowly cool down to restore the plant to normal growth. After suffocating once every 4 days, the control effect can be improved. The occurrence of downy mildew is based on the relevant test, using 1 kg of urea, 1 kg of sugar, and 100 kg of water. Spraying every 5 days during the growth period of cucumber, and paying attention to spraying on the bottom of the blade in the morning, using absorption, control effect Up to 90% or more.
4. Physical control
Using aphids, whitefly, and Liriomyza sativae to have a strong tendency to yellow, a yellow insect-trapping plate coated with organic oil is placed every 10 meters in the greenhouse to induce the adult to cast the net, and the open cucumber is covered with insect nets. It is also an important measure for the cultivation of vegetables without pollution.
"Ozone" prevention and control of pests and diseases is an ideal means for the prevention and control of pests and diseases. The ozone is triatomic oxygen. The molecular formula is O3. It is named because of its odor after lightning. It is a strong oxidant. O3 has been widely recognized as a broad spectrum. Bactericidal anti-virus agent, a wide range of killing, it can kill all pathogenic viruses, its prevention mechanism is to directly destroy RNA or DNA two nucleic acids. It is also a diffuse gas. There is no dead space in the shed. There is no pollution and no residue. The sterilizing ability of O3 is twice that of chlorine. The sterilization speed is 300-600 times of chlorine, 3000 times of ultraviolet light. When ozone is dissolved in water. Spraying vegetables has a stronger and faster bactericidal effect. Ozone has been identified by scientific research units as a clean oxidant with high efficiency and no secondary pollution. Ozone generators have been produced in many places, and can be applied in greenhouses such as melon, tomatoes, and peppers, saving more than 90% of pesticides. In cucumber greenhouses, the control effect is more than 75%, saving labor and money, and the result rate is high and precocious. Increase production by 20-30% and save 90% of funds. The ozone machine uses air as the raw material. After 10 minutes of electricity connection, the greenhouse can be filled with ozone with sufficient sterilization and insecticidal concentration, so that the greenhouse can achieve the purpose of controlling pests and diseases without using or using less pesticides. About half an hour later. The reduction of ozone to oxygen has provided another new technology for the development of green food production.
5. Chemical control
Non-polluting is not harmful to all chemical pesticides. The key is to use pesticides and scientific pesticides. The country has strictly prohibited the use of highly toxic and high-residue pesticides on cucumbers. Therefore, some low-toxic and low-residue biological pesticides should be selected to improve cucumbers. Quality, protect people's health.
(Harbin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Song Xiaohui)
Agricultural control
Use reasonable agricultural technical measures to lay a good foundation for pollution-free cultivation, such as selection of resistant varieties of pests and diseases, seed soaking and disinfection, cultivation of disease-free and strong seedlings, cleaning of pastures to reduce the source of disease, implementation of rotation, replacement of diseased soil, and rational management of fertilizer and water. In time, plant adjustment and adoption of agricultural technical measures such as grafting and seedling prevention to prevent the occurrence and spread of diseases.
2. Biological control
Biological control is the use of natural enemies of pests and diseases, biological fertilizers, biological bactericidal and biological insecticides to achieve the purpose of controlling pests and diseases, such as the use of parasitic natural enemies, the larvae to control the whitefly of the shed, and the use of the seven-spotted ladybug and the grass sorghum Aphids, spider mites, red spiders and whitefly. Biologics can dry up the growth and metabolism of pests, although the effect is slower, but it is safe for crops, people and animals. Using avermectin bio-pesticides to control mites, Liriomyza sativae, and root-knot nematodes; spraying agricultural streptomycin to control bacterial diseases; using agricultural anti-120 and poly-antimycin to control powdery mildew downy mildew, using 2% Wuyimycin is effective and pollution-free control method for controlling gray mold and powdery mildew.
3. Ecological control
Practice has proved that low temperature and high humidity are the main ecological conditions for the occurrence of fungal diseases such as cucumber powdery mildew, downy mildew and gray mold. In the condition of water film in leaves, the temperature is 15-20 °C, and the relative humidity of air is above 85%. It is the ecological environment condition in which the above diseases spread, so it is necessary to artificially adjust the temperature and humidity in the management of the greenhouse to reduce the occurrence of diseases. The practice is to release the wind for 0.5-1 hour according to the temperature of the outdoor temperature and the temperature and humidity in the shed, and then close the shed to raise the temperature to 28-30 °C, which can inhibit the occurrence of disease and facilitate the photosynthesis of cucumber. In the afternoon, the temperature is adjusted to about 22 °C before the release, and the humidity is above 70%. Although the humidity rises at night, the temperature is lowered to 10-13 °C, which also limits the germination of the spores. According to the characteristics of most fungi, the 500-fold baking soda can be sprayed on the leaves when the disease has just occurred. It can be sprayed 5-6 times in three days, which has special effects on powdery mildew.
High temperature suffocating shed is also one of the effective methods to prevent downy mildew. The method is: after the end of March, choose the sunny day, first water the water first, increase the air humidity, to prevent the burning of the hoe, in the hoe area Hang 2-3 thermometers, then seal the shed, so that the temperature rises rapidly, observe the temperature every 10 minutes, so that when the temperature of the shed reaches 45-46 °C, keep it for two hours, you can kill the downy mildew in the shed. dead. Then open the skylight and slowly cool down to restore the plant to normal growth. After suffocating once every 4 days, the control effect can be improved. The occurrence of downy mildew is based on the relevant test, using 1 kg of urea, 1 kg of sugar, and 100 kg of water. Spraying every 5 days during the growth period of cucumber, and paying attention to spraying on the bottom of the blade in the morning, using absorption, control effect Up to 90% or more.
4. Physical control
Using aphids, whitefly, and Liriomyza sativae to have a strong tendency to yellow, a yellow insect-trapping plate coated with organic oil is placed every 10 meters in the greenhouse to induce the adult to cast the net, and the open cucumber is covered with insect nets. It is also an important measure for the cultivation of vegetables without pollution.
"Ozone" prevention and control of pests and diseases is an ideal means for the prevention and control of pests and diseases. The ozone is triatomic oxygen. The molecular formula is O3. It is named because of its odor after lightning. It is a strong oxidant. O3 has been widely recognized as a broad spectrum. Bactericidal anti-virus agent, a wide range of killing, it can kill all pathogenic viruses, its prevention mechanism is to directly destroy RNA or DNA two nucleic acids. It is also a diffuse gas. There is no dead space in the shed. There is no pollution and no residue. The sterilizing ability of O3 is twice that of chlorine. The sterilization speed is 300-600 times of chlorine, 3000 times of ultraviolet light. When ozone is dissolved in water. Spraying vegetables has a stronger and faster bactericidal effect. Ozone has been identified by scientific research units as a clean oxidant with high efficiency and no secondary pollution. Ozone generators have been produced in many places, and can be applied in greenhouses such as melon, tomatoes, and peppers, saving more than 90% of pesticides. In cucumber greenhouses, the control effect is more than 75%, saving labor and money, and the result rate is high and precocious. Increase production by 20-30% and save 90% of funds. The ozone machine uses air as the raw material. After 10 minutes of electricity connection, the greenhouse can be filled with ozone with sufficient sterilization and insecticidal concentration, so that the greenhouse can achieve the purpose of controlling pests and diseases without using or using less pesticides. About half an hour later. The reduction of ozone to oxygen has provided another new technology for the development of green food production.
5. Chemical control
Non-polluting is not harmful to all chemical pesticides. The key is to use pesticides and scientific pesticides. The country has strictly prohibited the use of highly toxic and high-residue pesticides on cucumbers. Therefore, some low-toxic and low-residue biological pesticides should be selected to improve cucumbers. Quality, protect people's health.
(Harbin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Song Xiaohui)
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