Abstract Recently, China and Global Think Tank (CCG) and Zhilian Zhuo jointly released the “2015 China Returnees Employment and Entrepreneurship Survey†report, as of 2014, the total number of Chinese students returning to China has reached 1,890,600, accounting for...
Recently, China and Global Think Tank (CCG) and Zhilian Zhuo jointly released the “2015 China Returnees Employment and Entrepreneurship Survey†report. As of 2014, the total number of Chinese students returning to China has reached 1,086,600, accounting for the total number of students studying abroad. 51.4%. This is the first time since we have the exact statistics, the number of returnees has exceeded the number of students studying abroad. In Other words, China’s past years as a net outflow of talent in the world has ushered in a historic turning point.
At this time, it has been 168 years since the first Chinese student who was far away from the sea was allowed to board the ship.
These high-level talents who master cutting-edge technology and are familiar with international rules are becoming a new force in the tide of entrepreneurship. At the 10th China Overseas Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Forum, the Vice Minister of Education Liu Limin pointed out that “entrepreneurship is the most distinctive feature of contemporary returneesâ€.
At the time of the rise of the sixth scientific and technological revolution, China just faced an unprecedented overseas student returning to China and the “startup tideâ€. According to the survey statistics, among the returned overseas students in 2014, 70% of those with master's degree or above accounted for about half of China's domestic output. From the field of returnee entrepreneurship, almost all of them are concentrated in national strategic emerging industries such as life sciences, new generation information technology, energy conservation and environmental protection.
That is to say, these high-level returnees have bravely started their own businesses, which not only greatly improved their satisfaction with the work, but also ignited the fire of the stars in the development of China's strategic emerging industries.
1. China sue others for a net outflow
In 1850, as the first person to stay in China, he was dragged from the Yale University with a long scorpion, and he read "Chinese nationals, suffering from infinite pain, infinite suppression..." He chose to return to China.
According to historical data, between 1872 and 1875, Rong Rong organized four batches of 120 Chinese teenagers to study in the United States, setting off the first large-scale study abroad movement in modern Chinese history. More than 50 of them have gone to Harvard, Yale, Columbia, MIT and other famous universities to become the main talents of the Westernization Movement.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the US Congress passed a bill to decide to return some of the Chinese Gengzi indemnities, which will be used to fund a part of the students to study in the United States each year. In the next few decades, along with the revolution and the war, “Geng’s study abroadâ€, although stopped and stopped, also cultivated many founders in various modern Chinese disciplines.
In 1924, under the call of Sun Yat-sen's "Using Russia as a teacher and studying in the Soviet Union", the Kuomintang and the Communist Party sent youths to the Soviet Union. To this end, the Soviet government created a Sun Yat-sen China Labor University in Moscow, which received a large number of Chinese students. Around 1926, there were more than 1,600 Chinese students studying in the Soviet Union.
In the early days of the founding of New China, the turmoil made the culture and education also struggled in the rapid transformation. After the decade of catastrophe, China ushered in reform and opening up. In 1978, under the direction of Deng Xiaoping's "To Be Thousands of Thousands of Localities," about 6,000 international students went to Europe and the United States as visiting scholars and fellows. The extremely high return rate of this group of international students has become the era of the times.
In 1984, the State Council promulgated the "Interim Regulations on Studying Abroad at Private Fees", which opened the door to study abroad at its own expense, but most of the most elite people in China that year were left overseas.
Statistics from the Ministry of Education show that from 1978 to the end of 2004, the total number of students studying abroad in China reached 815,000, and the number of returned overseas students was only 198,000. There are 617,000 people who go abroad as foreign students and choose to stay abroad, accounting for more than 75%.
The high-level person-time outflow rate is higher. In 2008, the National Science Foundation-supported Comprehensive Report of American University Doctoral Candidates showed that between 2000 and 2005, 17763 Chinese students from mainland China (including Hong Kong) preferred to stay in the United States after receiving a Ph.D. The ratio is the highest in the world, reaching 91.4% in 2000-2001 and 90.4% in 2002-2005.
However, according to the data on studying abroad published by the Ministry of Education in the past ten years, the reporters of the 21st Century Economic Report found that since 2005, the proportion of returned overseas students in the country has accelerated year by year. In 2005, the number of returnees was 35,000, accounting for about one-third of the number of people going abroad, but by 2013, this figure had risen to 85.4%.
By 2014, the number of Chinese students studying abroad was 459,800, four times that of 2005, but the number of returnees was 10 times that of 2005. As of this year, the total number of Chinese students returning to study abroad has reached 1,809,600, accounting for more than half of the total number of students studying abroad.
Although there were 1.7 million out of China's “deficit†as of the end of 2014, if 1.09 million of them were still in the process of studying, in fact, 74.48% of the students studying abroad chose to return to China.
2. Return to the country's development trend
As a large developing country, the net outflow of Chinese talent is actually the result of the efforts of developed countries to attract talents.
In the United States, for example, in the past few decades, the United States has been at the forefront of attracting talent, and 40% of the world’s total number of skilled immigrants has been attracted to the United States. According to the National Science Foundation, the number of US science and engineering projects in 1995 reached 12 million, of which 72% were born in developing countries.
Research data from China and the global think tank also show that foreign-born population accounts for 14% of the total US population, and they receive US one-third of the total innovation patents. In the top seven cancer research centers in the United States, 42% of researchers were born in foreign countries, and the proportion of immigrant scientists at the MD Anderson Cancer Research Center at the University of Texas was as high as 62%. In the field of education, in 2011, international students accounted for 71% of full-time graduate students in electrical engineering in the United States; 65% of international students in computer science. Among those employed in the US science and engineering field, the proportion of foreigners increased from 23% in 1993 to 42% in 2010.
This is related to the US national policy. Since the 1950s, the United States has repeatedly amended the immigration law to open its doors to the world's elites, not only by issuing long-term work visas, but also to attracting foreigners with special skills to work in the United States, and also to attract potential high-tech talents – excellent international students. jobs. In 1999, there were 491,000 foreign students studying at American universities, accounting for one-third of the total number of international students.
On the one hand, the reason that talents in developing countries are willing to stay is that their knowledge and talent value cannot be fully realized due to the backwardness of their research equipment, financial difficulties, and the inability of research projects to link with product development, and the level of material income varies greatly.
Before and after 2000, he went to the United States to study for a doctoral degree. He once served as a professor and doctoral tutor of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Texas, and was interviewed by a 21st Century Business Herald reporter. "I just went to the United States to study for a Ph.D. It’s $18,000, and my monthly salary at a college in Beijing was only a few hundred dollars.â€
But in the past decade, China’s rapid development has narrowed the gap. From the personal experience of Xu Wei, "I am a professor in the United States, which is about 100,000 US dollars per year. But in the developed regions of China, it is very common to get five or six hundred thousand a year."
Indeed, if the entire society is expanded, China’s wage growth in recent years is much faster than that of the United States. According to data from the Ministry of Labor, the average annual salary in the United States in 2004 was 41,000 US dollars (41,118). The average annual salary in 2014 was 54,000 US dollars (54,184). In the past ten years, it has only increased by 32%. The wage level in China has increased significantly in the past 10 years. The national average wage was 1,604 yuan, and the national average wage in 2014 was 49,969 yuan, an increase of 212%.
From a larger perspective, the main reason for this resurgence of the national tide is the substantial improvement of various material conditions in China and the effect of wealth generation due to rapid development.
China and the global think tank have been paying attention to China's international talent flow for many years. According to its analysis, the emerging powers have gradually occupied the “mid-end†of the industrial chain and intend to move toward the high-end, which provides sufficient “use†for overseas engineering and technical talents. At the same time, the transportation network of these countries is constantly improving, and the communications, power, energy, finance and other industries are developing rapidly. The emergence of international metropolises, the entry of large multinational corporations in the world, and the improvement of various software and hardware conditions are the “return of talentsâ€. Material security is provided.
Not only that, compared with developed countries such as the United States, emerging countries are “up-and-coming talents†with broad market prospects and abundant business opportunities. Robert Littan, vice president of the Kauffman Foundation, said frankly: "It is not so easy for immigrants to start a career in the United States, but if they try to replicate the successful experiences and business models of the United States into emerging economies, It's easy to succeed."
3. Thousand people plan
The wave of the biggest return in this wave is directly related to the talent policies of Chinese governments at all levels.
In 2007, 16 ministries and commissions including the Ministry of Personnel, the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Science and Technology jointly issued a notice on the “Opinions on Establishing a Green Passage for Overseas High-level Overseas Students Returning to Chinaâ€, and attracted overseas high-level overseas students as a returning service for overseas students. The focus of the work.
The notice pointed out that “study talents are an important part of China's human resources. High-level students studying abroad are the core and backbone of the group of students studying abroad. They are the key talents in China's construction of innovative countries and the urgent need for economic and social development. Adopt effective policies. Measures to actively introduce overseas high-level overseas students to return to China, is to meet the needs of international talent competition, improve China's independent innovation capabilities, and strengthen the construction of talent team."
The notice requires that we should actively create good conditions for overseas high-level overseas students to return to China. Including overseas high-level overseas students returning to work, with the approval of the relevant competent authorities, they are not subject to the amount of preparation, the increase of indicators, the total amount of wages and the location of the former residence of the country; the high-level students studying abroad return to the country to start enterprises, in accordance with the national industry and regional taxation. The policy enjoys corresponding tax incentives; as well as policy arrangements such as spouses and children of high-level students studying abroad who are properly arranged to return to work. Subsequently, relevant ministries and commissions and localities have successively issued implementation rules, which have refined various policy measures.
In 2008, the central government decided to implement the “Thousand Talents Plan†to introduce high-level overseas talents. In the national development strategy, it will take 5 to 10 years to focus on national key innovation projects, key disciplines and key laboratories, central enterprises and financial institutions. All kinds of parks, mainly high-tech industrial development zones, have introduced and supported a group of overseas high-level talents to return to China (in China) for innovation and entrepreneurship.
In line with this plan, various ministries and commissions have also designed a series of measures, including the Red Project of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Yangtze River Scholars Award Program of the Ministry of Education, and the 100-member plan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The local governments also actively respond to the central decision-making. Beijing has implemented the overseas talent gathering project and the “Phoenix Projectâ€, Shanghai implemented the “Dawning Planâ€, Shenzhen launched the “Peacock Projectâ€, and Shenyang implemented the “Fenglaiyangui†project.
These plans are quite big for overseas talents. Ji Chunlin, a member of the Shenzhen Guangqi creation team who graduated from Duke University in the United States and worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Harvard, said in an interview with a 21st Century Business Herald. In 2009, he and the founder of Guangqi Liu Ruopeng published a paper in the authoritative journal Science. , using the metamaterial technology to make "invisibility cloak." When considering the next step of development, the Shenzhen Municipal Government recruited overseas innovative talents in the United States, so that they finally chose to develop in Shenzhen, and obtained the initial part of the venture capital support.
Tan Guang, an associate researcher at the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, who has studied in the UK and then studied in France, is also a talent introduced by the Shenzhen Peacock Project. He told the 21st Century Business Herald reporter that although he had largely considered the family factor when he returned to China, his current wage income in China was slightly better than that of foreign countries, and his research conditions were no worse than foreign countries.
Tan Guang said that he recently felt that the policy of overseas high-level talents had "exploded". Indeed, there are indications that in recent years China has mentioned the issue of the return of overseas students to an unprecedented height.
In October 2013, President Xi Jinping attended the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the European and American Alumni Association and delivered a speech saying that the vast number of overseas students are the valuable wealth of the party and the people and the living force for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Xi Jinping said, "The ruler of the world is in talent." "In today's world, the competition of comprehensive national strength is becoming increasingly fierce. A new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are gestating, and the energy of breakthroughs is accumulating. The competition of comprehensive national strength is the competition of talents. The characteristics of human resources as the first resource for economic and social development. And the role is more obvious, talent competition has become the core of comprehensive national strength competition."
At the end of 2014, the first national study abroad work conference was held in the history of New China to plan and deploy overseas study abroad and study abroad. President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang made important instructions and instructions respectively.
At the Central United Front Work Conference held in May this year, Xi Jinping also emphasized that overseas students are an important part of the talent team. We must adhere to the principle of “supporting study abroad, encouraging returning to the country, coming and going to freedom, and functioning†to encourage overseas students to return to China. Work or serve the country in many forms.
4. Entrepreneurship is the most distinctive feature
2015 is a new year of the first wave of entrepreneurship. The returnees who have accelerated their return in these years have become the new force.
On August 16, 2015, the 10th China Overseas Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Forum was held in Beijing, respectively, on the development opportunities of returnees, the advantages of returnees, the innovation of Internet + and returnees, how the government serves overseas students, how to innovate the new generation of excellent returnees. Discuss the topic. Liu Limin, deputy minister of education, said in his speech that entrepreneurship is the most distinctive feature of contemporary returnees.
He also revealed that at present, there are 305 entrepreneurial parks for overseas students at all levels, 30,000 enterprises entering the park, and more than 50,000 entrepreneurs are working and starting businesses.
It is also known that the China Association for Science and Technology is currently piloting the construction of an “overseas talent innovation and entrepreneurship baseâ€. In May of this year, the first pilot in China was listed in Shenzhen. In August, the offshore talent innovation and entrepreneurship base of the Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone was also unveiled in Pudong International Talent City.
Zhou Luming, former chairman of the Shenzhen Association for Science and Technology and president of the Space Science Southern Research Institute, told the 21st Century Business Herald that with the experience of the Shenzhen Private Research Institute, Shenzhen’s “Overseas Talents Offshore Innovation and Entrepreneurship Base†hopes to give greater play to the public welfare technology. The role of social organizations such as groups, societies, associations, etc., and the use of more flexible policies to attract high-level overseas talents to return to China.
In response to the national call for “mass entrepreneurship and innovationâ€, the most influential international student organizations in Europe and the United States have also organized various activities to help foreign students start their own businesses. According to the introduction of the Shanghai European and American Alumni Association, the Association has held five sessions of “Returning Overseas Entrepreneurship Training Courses for Overseas Students†in the past five years. A total of 152 participants from the United States, Britain, Germany, France and Japan attended the training course. Incomplete statistics, a total of 44 students successfully started their business and settled in Shanghai and the surrounding Yangtze River Delta region.
As for why returnees are keen on starting a business, this year's survey of nearly 1,000 seafarers by China and the Global Think Tank (CCG) and Zhilian Zhuoqi showed that 58.3% of entrepreneurial returnees are optimistic about domestic development potential and domestic good entrepreneurial environment. 33.3% of returnees said that they are easily supported by social networks such as relatives and friends, and 8.3% of entrepreneurs have patented technology, and the domestic market in related fields is good.
The “2015 China Repatriation Employment Entrepreneurship Survey†issued by the above-mentioned institutions also shows that the returnee employment in returning to employment is actually lower. Of the returnees surveyed, less than 40% expressed satisfaction with their work. In view of the repatriation salary, the “Blue Book of China's Returned Overseas Students†published by the Ministry of Education in 2014 shows that in fact, 80% of the returnees are under 10,000 yuan, but those with doctoral degrees, 30% hope that the monthly salary is between 10,000 and 20,000. yuan.
The returnees of the entrepreneurial group have greatly improved their job satisfaction. One-third of returnees are satisfied with their career development, and only 16.7% of returnees are dissatisfied with their careers, which is far lower than returnees.
After the 90s in Inner Mongolia, Xiaoya studied in Australia. She returned to work in Shenzhen the year before. In the past two years, she has frequently changed jobs, and has worked on copywriting and overseas high-end real estate projects. "But I have been unhappy. The monthly income is similar to the living expenses when I was in school, and it is difficult to communicate with my colleagues." Xiaoya told the 21st Century Business Herald reporter that she recently started her own business and launched her own salad brand through online booking. Deliver fresh, nutritious format salads to customers. “Although the business is small, I feel very happy to see customers like the salad I have prepared.â€
The survey also found that the consideration of returning to entrepreneurial cities is mainly focused on whether the city has good personal connections, good industrial base, good market prospects, and good urban environment. Second is the attraction of basic design, education level and preferential policies. In contrast, house prices and operating costs have relatively little impact on entrepreneurs' choice of entrepreneurial cities.
5. Leading strategic emerging industries
The entrepreneurial activities of these returnees may push the Chinese industry to catch up.
Liu Limin, deputy minister of education, pointed out in the above speech that "the returned overseas students brought back the experience of advanced production technology management and legal knowledge and cultural concepts, which has become an important radiant point of China's social development and talent technology, especially The establishment of new economic and high-tech enterprises has enabled China to rapidly shorten the gap between developed countries and developed countries in many fields."
There is no such thing. Hu Xiang, chairman of Shenzhen Beike Biological, who received his Ph.D. from the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, recently pointed out at the press conference held by the Shenzhen Municipal Government for the BT Leaders Summit. “Inadvertently, Europe and the United States have helped China in the past 20 or 30 years. Excellent scientists, now 70% of life science laboratories in the United States are Chinese-led, which is a huge opportunity for China's industrial development, because talent is the key."
Hu Xiang believes that there is the existence of these talents. "When the sixth scientific and technological revolution came, compared with the fifth time, we can no longer follow the role of copying, we have to create a leading role."
Shenzhen Guangqi mentioned in the previous article is expected to lead the world in the industrialization of super materials. It is understood that the Guangqi Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, founded five years ago by a team of returnees, has covered 85% of the core patents in the field of metamaterials. At present, Shenzhen Guangqi is vigorously developing subversive space technology and smart wearable equipment with its super material technology.
The Maipu Bio in Guangzhou mentioned last year also launched the world's first biological 3D printed brain dura mater. In the implantable medical device market, it broke the monopoly of international giants such as Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic and Berenger. .
Wang Chaoyong [microblogging], chairman of the letter Zhongli Capital Group, is an "old returnee." He concluded that 16 years ago, China's first wave of returnees to China was launched, mainly in the Internet field, mainly focusing on the localization of the Internet model. Its achievements are to make China the largest market in the global Internet industry, occupying the world. Half of the most valuable listed companies on the Internet.
Today's returnees are increasingly diversified. Entrepreneurs are not limited to Silicon Valley, but are located in Northern Europe, Germany, France, the United Kingdom and even South Korea. They bring environmental protection, medical devices, life sciences, fashion design, industrial design, Technology and experience in different fields such as Industry 4.0.
According to a survey released by China and the global think tank, in 2015, the returnees started their business almost exclusively in the national strategic emerging industries, of which 18.6% were new bioengineering/new medicine, followed by 13.6% of new generation information technology and 10.2% of high-end equipment manufacturing. .
The China Residents Development Report released by the think tank in 2013 shows that 58.3% of entrepreneurial returnees have individual patents, and 65.9% of returnees have brought back technology from overseas when they return to China. Judging from the level of these technologies, Haigui believes that its technology level brought back from overseas is relatively high, and most of them are at the international advanced level and domestic advanced level. 54.5% of returnees believe that the technology brought back belongs to the latest international level, and 32.3% of returnees believe that the technology brought back is the latest domestic level.
63.4% of returnees have brought back the business model from abroad. From the perspective of the business model brought back, 33% of the business models are the latest in the world, and 46.8% are the latest in the country.
However, in the view of Xue Wei, dean of the School of Public Administration of Tsinghua University in China, the climax of China's returnee entrepreneurship has not yet arrived. He believes that there are three waves in the new wave of returnee entrepreneurship: the first is to start a business with technology, the second is to start a business with new business models and services, and the third should represent social values ​​and public ideas - this is not The wave of arrival is the innovation of social enterprises.
Xue Wei believes that the demand for personal products in today's society is no shortage, and the demand for public products is increasing. For example, a good social environment, good social security, clean air, and so on. In addition to the government's efforts, there is a huge entrepreneurial space here.
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